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Tengku Alam Shah bin Tengku Ali Iskandar Shah was a prince of the House of Bendahara (Johor),〔Lai, ''Beyond Rituals and Riots: Ethnic Pluralism and Social Cohesion in Singapore'', pg 51〕 and was the oldest son of Sultan Ali, the 19th Sultan of Johor by his second wife, Daing Siti. Following his father's death in 1877, Tengku Alam and his supporters made an active pursuit to his claims for the Kesang territory and was publicly proclaimed as the Sultan of Johor and Pahang with the regnal name of Alauddin Alam Shah during his marriage ceremony in 1879. The proclamation briefly alarmed Maharaja Abu Bakar, who feared that his political position may be threatened. Within the same year, a brief civil war erupted in Jementah, after repeated attempts to get his claims to the Kesang territory being recognised failed.〔Winstedt, ''A History of Johore (1365–1941)'', pg 131〕 ==Succession dispute== Sultan Ali's third son by Cik Sembuk, Tengku Mahmud was groomed for succession. When the Sultan died in 1877, he nominated Tengku Mahmud to inherit the Kesang territory.〔Studer, ''American and British Claims Arbitration: William Webster: Appendix to the Memorial of the United States, Vol. III'', pg 313, 320〕 The Sultan's decision took Tengku Alam and his supporters in Singapore to anger,〔Studer, ''American and British Claims Arbitration: William Webster: Appendix to the Memorial of the United States, Vol. III'', pg 351〕 who felt that Tengku Alam should inherit his father's properties given that he was the eldest son. Furthermore, Cik Sembuk's commoner background〔Winstedt, ''A History of Johore (1365–1941)'', pg 129〕 stood out against Daing Siti's, who was the daughter of a Bugis nobleman.〔Ghazali, ''Istana dan politik Johor, 1835–1885'', pg 104〕 The British on their part, refused to recognise Sultan Ali's will on his son's (Tengku Mahmud) hereditary claims to the Kesang territory. Meanwhile, the chieftains and village headmen in the Kesang territory held their own elections for a new leader, and voted for the Maharaja of Johor, Abu Bakar to take charge of Muar, which the British accepted the outcome of the poll. The Acting Governor of the Straits Settlement, Edward Anson, allowed Abu Bakar to take interim control over the Kesang territory.〔Lee, ''The British as Rulers: Governing Multiracial Singapore, 1867–1914'', pg 12〕〔Jayakumar, ''Public international law cases from Malaysia and Singapore'', pg 283〕 Tengku Alam and his supporters were extremely unhappy with Maharaja Abu Bakar's intervention over the Kesang territory. A long time of Tengku Alam, W.H. Read helped to lobby in Tengku Alam's cause.〔Parkinson, ''British intervention in Malaya, 1867–1877'', pg 320〕 Supporters of Tengku Alam had criticised the irregularities in the electoral process, by claiming that the Maharaja had coerced the Muar chiefs into voting for him prior to the election, and called for an election with Tengku Alam's family members as the electors. Tengku Alam's supporters argued that the 1855 secession treaty which Sultan Ali had signed with Temenggong of Johor guaranteed the hereditary rights of Sultan Ali's family members to the Kesang territory. Tengku Alam's claims were fell on deaf ears, and the British government, with the assistance of Engku Mandak, proceeded with the electoral process into 1878.〔〔Thio, ''British Policy in the Malay Peninsula, 1880–1910: The Southern and Central States'', pg xxx〕 Meanwhile, the British authorities allowed Tengku Alam to inherit the $500 monthly allowance which Sultan Ali had received from the Temenggong's family, and gave him an additional $68 monthly allowance from the British East India Company. An angry Tengku Alam was declined these allowances from the British, and was said to have used abusive language when they were offered to him.〔Winstedt, ''A History of Johore (1365–1941)'', pg 130〕 The following January, on 11 January 1879, a few hundred Bugis and Malay supporters proclaimed Tengku Alam with the title of "Sultan Alauddin 'Alam Shah, Sultan of Johor and Pahang" during his marriage ceremony. Tengku Alam's proclamation briefly generated serious concern from Maharaja Abu Bakar and the British government, who feared that Abu Bakar's political position could be a sign of a potential threat to his political position,〔 especially after Tengku Alam had made a public declaration to challenge Abu Bakar for his claims to the Kesang territory.〔Abdul Wahid, ''Glimpses of Malaysian history'', pg 70〕 In October, a frustrated Tengku Alam and his supporters launched a civil war in Jementah which was quickly subdued by the British authorities.〔Ghazali, ''Istana dan politik Johor, 1835–1885'', pg 127〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tengku Alam Shah」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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